Creating horror in the Lottery - 979 Words

Creating Horror Authors use a number of different tones, settings, themes, characterizations, and points of view in order to create a fictional world inside the readers head. We see these tools used in contrasting ways in â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado† by Edgar Allan Poe and â€Å"The Lottery† by Shirley Jackson. The distinctive techniques used in these short stories leave you feeling uneasy once you finish them. Using different methods, both authors create a story of horror for their readers. The tones of these stories vary quite a bit. The first sentence of â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado† reads â€Å"The thousand injuries of Fortunato I had borne as I best could, but when he ventured upon insult I vowed revenge† (226). Poe sets a powerful tone of revenge†¦show more content†¦Tessie’s fate is foreshadowed in the beginning of the story when Mr. Summers says â€Å"Thought we were going to have to get on without you† (134). Although many of the aspects that make up these short stories are different, both â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado† and â€Å"The Lottery† make the reader think of the morals of the characters. If we were to observe the world throughout history and look into the varied cultures, behaviors, traditions, and rules we would be able to see the effects that those things had on their morals during those time periods. The characters in â€Å"The Lottery† have lost all sense of morality because of the rituals that they are performing blindly, in order to keep tradition. This is probably the most horrific part of the story because no reader can understand the mindset of these characters that leads to them participating in this unethical tradition. Poe writes of the immortal acts that Montresor commits with ease and satisfaction, leaving the reader cringing. In present day we think of immortality as cheating and lying, the thought of murdering someone for insulting you or ston ing someone to death because of tradition would never be considered. It’s horrifying to think that if we lived in a different time and age these things might not be immoral to us. The effective tone, setting, and narrative choice chosen by Poe and Jackson are what leave the reader on edge at the end of both of theseShow MoreRelatedThe Lottery Theme Essay836 Words   |  4 PagesIn both The Lottery, and The Possibility of Evil there is a very evident theme that is horror lies in the most everyday settings and situations. This is shown in The Lottery by the â€Å"lottery† being considered an everyday normal aspect of life.We know that the â€Å"lottery† is the act of a name being drawn from a box, and the person who is drawn is going to be stoned to death, with frankly no reason at all. Also in The Lottery, no one is emotionally phased to the cruelty shown in the town, and throughoutRead MoreAnalysis Of Shirley Jacksons The Lottery954 Words   |  4 Pagesthat enhance the overall transmission of the authors message. Shirley Jackson’s â€Å"The Lottery† displays a masterful usage of literary elements to better convey Jackson’s general purpose, such as through the deep symbolism and underlying theme; however, Jackson’s true provocation of emotion is accomplished through her quintessential use of point of view. The objective point of view is indispensable within â€Å"The Lottery† because of the creation of suspense, drama, and irony. To begin with, the first reasonRead MoreThe Horror of The Lottery, by Shirley Jackson1375 Words   |  6 Pagesvillagers took part in the traditional lottery drawing and one villager was picked for the prize – a stoning. In 1948, Shirley Jackson published this short story known as â€Å"The Lottery,† in The New York Times. The story’s plot shocked readers all over America as they learned of the horror happening in such a quaint town. Jackson purposely set this tragic event in this innocent setting to emphasize humanity’s cruelty. Using her appalling short story, The Lottery, Shirley Jackson alarms readers with theRead MoreThe Lottery Literary Analysis1538 Words   |  7 Pagesday; the flowers were blossoming profusely and the grass was richly green† (Jackson). In this first sentence of the The Lottery Shirley Jackson establishes a pleasant illusion, creating a sense of serenity. Jackson proceeds to mention that children begin to gather in the vill age, frolicing and conversing about school. The initial scene and satirically labeled title, The Lottery, provide a somewhat satisfying first impression to the reader. The introductory scene is eminent to intentionally implementRead MoreThe Lottery By Shirley Jackson1355 Words   |  6 PagesThe Lottery Essay Andrew Lansley once said â€Å"Peer pressure and social norms are powerful influences on behavior, and they are classic excuses.† Most people tend to follow cultural customs because they have grown with them or it has been forced onto them with factors such as parents or their environment. However, is it always right to follow these customs even if they are in fact considered wrong? Shirley Jackson’s â€Å"The Lottery† is a short story about the cultural norms of a small community and itsRead MoreThe Fall House Of Usher And The Lottery By Shirley Jackson913 Words   |  4 PagesUsher and Shirley Jackson’s The lottery, both writers were meticulously keen on using setting as a driving force behind the narrative and also set the tone for the theme. Whilst both stories ended with tragedy of the protagonist, both writers chose different moods to ease the reader into the atmosphere of the stories. In Poe’s The Fall of the House of Usher, Poe in his usual writing style did not beat about the bush before shoving the reader right into a world of horror with the first sentence of theRead MoreAn Analysis of Shirley Jacksons The Lottery and Flannery OConnors A Good Man Is Hard to Find1360 Words   |  5 PagesShirley Jackson The Lottery Shirley Jacksons short story The Lottery depicts life in a provincial American town with rigid social norms. Mr. Summers symbolizes everything that is wrong with the town; he represents blind adherence to ritual, social rigidity, and resistance to change. His name corresponds with the seasonal setting of The Lottery, too, drawing attention to the importance of his character in shaping the theme of the story. Summers is in charge of the central motif of the storyRead MoreIrony In The Lottery By Shirley Jackson1436 Words   |  6 PagesThe lottery was authored by a renowned and most celebrated literature icon among his peers during his time and beyond; one Shirley Jackson, and the text would be first published in 1948 the 26 of June (Jackson 110). The storyline is told following a literal trajectory of a cultural performance in a remote setting, known as the lottery. The author of this text describes a chain of themes in his work, and they include; tradition and customs, society and c lass, as well as family setups and hypocrisyRead MoreThe Lottery, By Shirley Jackson1195 Words   |  5 PagesOn the surface, Shirley Jackson’s short story, â€Å"The Lottery,† reads as a work of horror. There is a village that holds an annual lottery where the winner is stoned to death so the village and its people could prosper. Some underlying themes include: the idea that faith and tradition are often followed blindly, and those who veer away from tradition are met with punishment, as well as the idea of a herd mentality and bystander apathy. What the author manages to do successfully is that she actuallyRead MoreSince the beginning of time, morality has been a central component of human society. We strive to1000 Words   |  4 Pagesmorally as possible. But imagine a dystopian society in which the basic morals we consider necessary did not exist, and with the most fundamentally basic human rights standards vanished. The two short stories Harrison Bergeron by Kur t Vonnegut and The Lottery by Shirley Jackson exemplify two societies with completely different moral codes. The compelling short story Harrison Bergeron, by Kurt Vonnegut, is set in a future dystopian society. The plot follows an â€Å"average family† in the year 2081 after the

Race Relations And Social Inequality - 1610 Words

Introduction This Paper was written to discuss social inequality related to race relations. By comparing two articles â€Å"Ethno-Racial Attitudes and Social Inequality† and â€Å"What happens before? A field experiment exploring how pay and representation differentially shape bias on the pathway into organizations† this paper will explore racial social injustices with the intent to showcase the thinking about race relations and social inequality. Points of Interest Racial inequality is a volatile and complex topic; there is no easy solution or specific way to deal with it. Race is defined as the fundamental distinguishing characteristics of a person. What seems to characterize race relations is a vase†¦show more content†¦A study was conducted a study where they posed as students requesting help and guidance from professors at universities (pg. 1678). The fake students would approach college professors and begin a conversation. The â€Å"students† would explain that they were planning to apply for a doctoral program and wanted advice before they applied. The names of these students were manipulated to relate to their gender and race. The study included males and females as well as those who were Black, White, Asian, Hispanic, and Indian. The social experiment was a controlled experiment. The researchers hypothesis was that the professors being asked for help would show racial discrimination as the students from different ethnici ties tried to attain support of a mentor. The researchers also hypothesized that the results of the study would vary depending on the school and subject of the doctoral program they were applying to. This was thought to be caused by the difference in faculty representation and their pay. The study did show that their hypothesis was correct. The social experiment proved that the faculty who were approached by white males were more in favor of mentoring the student than students of other races. This was true at even higher rates at private colleges and in majors that would result in higher paying jobs. Many

Critical Thinking in Nursing free essay sample

Abstract Critical think in nursing stands a vital skill and expectation from all nurses. In addition, accomplishes more variances when it comes to nursing and critical thinking. These skills remain a crucial aspect in professional nursing. In nursing, critical thinking consist of three main parts: Interpretation, analysis, and evaluation. Each nurse needs to use all three parts of the critical thinking toward being a professional nurse. Critical Thinking in Nursing Importance â€Å"To become a professional nurse requires that you learn to think like a nurse†. (Critical Thinking and Nursing, 2013 paragraph 3) Critical thinking in the nursing profession must be mandatory. Critical thinking helps nurses how to view a client and determine the type of problems and how to deal with the issue at hand. Critical thinking contains a form of discipline, intellectual process of applying skills, and guidance. Nurses use critical thinking in order to make systematic and logical questions in order to maintain quality of care. We will write a custom essay sample on Critical Thinking in Nursing or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This requires adherence to intellectual standards, proficiency in using reasoning, commitment to develop and maintain intellectual traits, and the ability for safe decision making. (Critical Thinking and Nursing, 2013) Requirements Critical thinking requires specific skills in order to stand effective. These skills remain a vital role in patient care. Interpretation, analysis, and evaluation all play a vital role. Interpretation Interpretation with critical thinking helps the ability to understand and explain the meaning of information; the ability to communicate effectively to a patient. Analysis In critical thinking, analysis affects the â€Å"investigation† usage of objective and subjective data in order to form a plan of action. Evaluation Evaluation ensures placement of all the information gathered and determining whether the information contains credible or relevant source. Determining what desired outcomes need to be reached. (Skills of Critical Thinking, 2006) Critical Reasoning Importance Critical reasoning and critical thinking come hand in hand. Critical reasoning uses the foundation of nursing theories, models, and ethical framework. How to use Critical reasoning. The ability to apply researched based knowledge, clinical judgment, and decision making skills. Critical reasoning for nurses often used to evaluate care outcomes from data provided and creative ways to problem solve. (Thinking Critically and Clinically, 2007) Usage of critical thinking Nurses use critical thinking skills daily in order to be clear accurate, precise, logical complete, significant and fair when they listen, speak, read and write. Their thinking must be precise and intended for a purpose. (Thinking Critically and Clinically, 2007) Skills and practice became a vital role in nursing; a requirement of educators of nursing students. Without these set skills quality of care would suffer. Critical thinking has become the foundation of nursing. Validation Authentication â€Å"The assumptions that we hold to be true about the issue upon which we base our claims or beliefs’.† (Skills of Critical Thinking, 2006 paragraph 6) Modern research has shown Critical thinking is the background of professional nursing. Critical thinking insures proper patient care and the ability to quickly respond with accurate answers. Critical thinking and critical reasoning bring validation to the nursing process. The importance of validation Without Validation, critical thinking and critical reasoning will have no backing or hold no truth. Validation brings everything together for the entire process of critical thinking.

Improved Mental Health Vision Policy for Healthcare- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theImproved Mental Health Vision Policy for Healthcare. Answer: Introduction Mental health problem and substance abuse has been on the rise in New Zealand with the majority affected being the Maori. Every one in three Maoris is suffering mental illness or substance abuse. The new policy, however, is trying to bridge the gaps to make sure that healthcare facility for the mentally ill and the addicts have equal access to better health facilities that cater for their needs. This group of people makes up part of the New Zealanders and their health is as important as any other citizen. Lack of better health care for the Maori has led to the rise in mortality rate among youths and adults among those who are having mental illness and addiction problem because of the resentment, harassment, and rejection by the community (Dawson, Gledhill, New Zealand Law Foundation2013). The Maori are spread all over New Zealand and the socio-economic status is among the contributing factors of mental illness and addiction with the majority being women. Most of these minority group s have very little or no health care services at their disposal, therefore making it hard for them to have better health care that could provide the required services (Koehlmoos, Anwar, Cravioto, 2011). The introduction of the new proposed policy is to ensure that those gaps that were left in the previous policy are all covered and it also aims at providing better health care services to the New Zealanders, with improved facilities and better treatment of those individuals who are affected. The groups such as the Maori have been considered as important in the new policy and there are a lot of measurements that are put in place for the purpose of better recovery and treatment at an early stage of addiction and mental illness. It is the responsibility of the government to take care of its citizen by implementing strategic policies that will advocate for the rights of all citizens regardless of whom they are and where they come from (Mirzaei, et al, 2013). Weaknesses of the mental health policy 2005-2015 However much the government has tried its best to put in place various healthcare facilities and introduced new programs to help people with mental disorder and addiction problem there are some limitations or rather weaknesses that have been experienced by the service users, the health care practitioners and the community at large. The government needs to put in place action plans that create awareness to the entire community especially the minority groups like the M?ori to enable them understand that mental illness and addiction are conditions like any other illness and those affected should be treated with compassion and a lot of care and not to be discriminated against because that could lead to suicide. The compulsory treatment for those with mental illness and addiction has a lot of repercussions on the service users first because once identified to be under compulsory treatment there is underrepresentation, there is no access to legal aid for those who are under compulsory trea tments and also they are secluded with the healthcare givers especially in psychiatric units. This is a violation of the human rights because everyone should have equal access to health care. There are other services that are not available for specific treatment, this has led to most people who are severely mentally ill not getting the right treatment for their conditions hence no quick recovery. The government has concentrated a lot on the adults and mental illness and neglected the children with mental illness; there are fewer facilities for children with mental illness and addiction problems and also facilities for taking care of children whose parents are in the addiction or mental illness facilities (Thornicroft, 2011). Cultural competence is an issue due to lack of trained medics within New Zealand and its communities, it is noticeable that majorities of caregivers are from overseas and this increases the gap of cultural competence in health care services for people with mental illness and addiction problem, but with the most effect on the minority groups like the M?ori. The government has not yet established the major reasons as to why the M?ori community who adds up 16% of the New Zealand population has the highest number of mental illness and addiction problems. The high rate of mental illness and addiction within this community is overwhelming and the government nee ds to look for a remedy so as to reduce the level of mortality rates caused by suicide (Elder, Evans, Nizette, 2013). Health care practitioners, on the other hand, lack enough knowledge and skills on how to take care of M?ori patients, this leads to misunderstanding and poor treatment and prescription and in the long run recovery tends to be too slow or even no change (Minas, Lewis, 2017). The community-based services are supposed to have a better approach and attitudes to the service user but instead, some of the mental staff still have the institutional attitude and do not support the community attitude and in return, many people with mental illness living in the community but they do not participate fully in the community life (Komaric, Bedford, van Driel, 2012). The NGOs who are also major stakeholders have increased the number of mental health facilities that provide health care services for people with mental illness and addiction problems especially in the remote areas however their rate of spending has gone up hence using a lot of funds that are not necessary. The limitations or rather wea knesses have led to a gradual growth in health care system for those with mental illness and addiction problems (Piat, Sabetti, 2009). Changes to be made However there are various issues of concern that need changes, the first one is the legislation law that advocates for compulsory treatment for patients with the severe mental illness. A patient has a right to consent; the decisions should be made individually and not collectively, even if it is for the person's benefit (McMurray, Clendon, 2011). Human rights and dignity should be respected even if the individual has no sound mind due impairment from a chronic illness (McGregor, Wilson, Bell, 2016). The leadership within the healthcare facilities should not only be top-down kind of leadership but instead, it should be spread down to the other staff to enable effective workflow with each person involved taking responsibility and this will increase better service delivery in all health care services (Duncan,2016). The system should be whole thinking and collaborative to enhance productivity within the healthcare system (Thornicroft et al, 2011). The service level monitoring should no t only focus on the inputs than the outcome. The service monitoring should also include the outcome results to see what needs to be put in place and to identify gaps that need immediate attention and even long-term amendment. But most importantly it should focus on those who are suffering from mental illness and addiction to see their progress (Walker, Bryant, 2013). The government should change the ways of funding from a population-based to need-based of different communities because funding based on population does not respond to everyones need. There are those who are marginalized and have a smaller population yet they have the most need compared to those whose population are high (McGeorge, 2012). The shift on funding system will eliminate some of the problems associated with health care. The government should not just fund any project that they think is related to mental health care and addiction, but instead should monitor the organization closely and be convinced that the funds that they are being given are used according to the government expects and it should be used specifically for projects that support the mentally ill patients and addicts and nothing else. The mental health policy has laws that protect the rights of humanity and their dignity, there are a number of individuals with mental illness and addiction problems that experienc e harassment and abuse at the service centers and they are not able to protect themselves because they are vulnerable, the government should instead impose tough laws to care providers who are involved in harassing and abusing individuals with mental illness and addiction problems (Goudreau, Smolenski, 2013). Proposed Policy The mental health policy 2005-2015 has played a major role in changing the mental health care system from institutional to community-based; this has increasingly helped different communities to access credible health care services. However, it contains key weaknesses highlighted above which forms the basis for the new submission. The new proposed policy Mental Health Policy vision 2030 is a government-oriented project with the main aim of improving the healthcare sector for the mentally ill and those with addiction problems, for the purpose of having an environment with controlled mental illness and addiction problems. The policy requires the government to uphold its efforts and put in more funding to projects that are identified as relevant to improving the condition of mentally ill patients and addicts. This policy states that the government should retain strict measures on the health care providers to maintain the responsibility of providing better health care to the diverse communities in New Zealand. Primary health care is a necessity and its function and membership should remain the same because all the citizens have the equal rights to primary health care services (Crooks, Andrews, 2009). Acknowledgment of diversity by this new policy is equally important and its part of the strategies because it will lead to improved health care services to the minority groups like the M?ori. The integration of mental health strategies is important as well because it directs the focus to all the citizens of New Zealand and includes those with mental health problem, those with disabilities and those from minority groups who are largely affected like the M?ori. Focus on the New Submission The government has shown a tremendous change right from the first time it implemented the first policy in 1994 known as Looking forward. This policy was put in place in order to take care of people with mental health problems. This policy emphasized on providing more services for the people and this policy showed the governments commitment to providing community-based services to the people of New Zealand. Three years later the government identified some loopholes within the first implemented policy and renamed the policy Moving forward with the aim of provision of better services to all New Zealanders regardless of their cultural background. In the year 1998 the introduction of Blueprint was to put moving forward policy into action by providing detailed service development for the purpose of better health care service delivery for people with mental health problems. With the introduction of this new proposed policy, it is important that it covers the gaps that have been left with the Mental Health Policy 2005-2015. This new policy has shifted its focus to the community level and especially to an individual level, the change in focus is to make sure that those who are affected and together with their families are taken good care of. This new policy is established to make sure that individuals who are suffering from addiction and mental illness are taken good care of right from the time they access the facilities to the time they are released or rather leave the facilities. The new proposed policy is looking into creating a better individual who is able to take care of themselves when they live the facilities; the policy is focused on introducing or rather creating jobs from those who are recovering from mental illness so that they can find something to keep them busy and to avoid staying idle after recovery. The policy also is interested in creat ing a conducive environment for those who are recovering from mental illness and addiction so as to avoid discrimination and seclusion from the community. The introduction of tough laws on the individuals who are abusive and harassing the mentally ill individuals and those with addiction problems. The policy is more concerned about introducing a measurable achievement in the healthcare sector for those with mental problems that will give guidance to improving health care services for those with mental health problems. There are many achievements and challenges that the policy is aimed at doing to help to put in better strategies to facilitate better service delivery to the New Zealanders. The effort of the government has been experienced in many communities within New Zealand and this has led to more non-governmental organizations putting their heads together with the government to have improved facilities that cater for the various needs of people with mental health problems. This policy looks way beyond just the ten-year plan; it has a lot of promises and expectations by the end of the ten-year policy that will benefit those with mental and addiction problems, their families, friends and the entire community which support those with mental illness and addiction. The policy is inclusive and it involves everyone and believes that all New Zealanders have equal opportunity despite their cultural background and disabilities. This policy advocate for better primary health care for everyone and its importance and advanced health care services for the mentally ill and those who are addicted to a substance. Everyone is responsible for making the society a better and comfortable place for those with mental problems and addiction and thats why the policy has put in place the judicial system that protects those who are having a mental illness, addiction and any other disabilities. The policy is relying on the government for supporting the proposed changes and wants those who experience mental illness and addiction to experience service that is trusted, services that are focused on better recover services and those that allow the affected to be able to participate on their own in their journey to recovery. This policy also acknowledges the diversity; New Zealand has the Maori, Pacific people, Asians, and the ethnic communities which involve the migrants and refugees (Figley, Huggard, Rees, 2013). And it has established new policies that are inclusive, policies that recognize all new Zealanders and gives everyone the right to access primary health care services from whatever place that is accessible. This policy has regulated the services provided in both governmental and non-governmental sectors making it possible for anyone with mental illness and addiction to access any health care service for quality treatment of specific mental health and addiction problems. Building on the past success has majorly helped in the implementation of the new mental health policy; it is the stepping stone for the new expectations and better quality services that are put in place for those who have mental illness and addiction problems (McCloughen, Gillies, O'brien, 2011). Formulation of the New Submission This policy was formulated after the looking forward, moving forward and blueprint that was implemented years ago and showed a great improvement in mental health care. The government saw it worth making the health care services even much better and by that the government was looking at what was left out in the first policy and the challenges that were faced (Renouf, Tullgren, 2010). This policy is introduced to bring together both the government and non-governmental stakeholders to work under one policy that provides guidelines that enable equality and access to mental health facilities across the board. The government established 21 District Health Boards (DHBs) whose responsibilities are to fund the needs of those mental health communities and plan on how to address their issues and service delivery. The new policy is going to use the DBHs as the center of resources to make sure that they are providing the funding required for projects that are oriented to providing services to the mentally ill and those with addiction problems. Primary Health Organizations (PHOs) are responsible for providing primary health care services to their enrolled populations and their projects are funded by DHB. By using the identified gaps in the Mental Health Policy 2005-2015, the introduced new mental health policy with the major aims of providing equal measures to easy access to government health and addiction services is more directed to ensuring better health care to the citizens New Zealand. The policy also aims at giving the mental health service providers a general sense of their job descriptions and their importance to those with mental health problems and addiction at the health care centers (Volkow, Koob, 2015). The policy seconds the governments efforts on the ongoing investments and fundi ng services that are required to enhance the better outcome of the projects and developing advanced innovative and accountable funding environment. The vision 2030 policy is an all-round and inclusive, it is a process and a long-term project that is to run to the year 2030 with the intentions of curbing problems that are encountered by the mental illness and addict individuals both at an early stage and after recovery. If the project is well implemented it is beyond a reasonable doubt that the ultimate goal of having an effective system and facilities that take care of those who are mentally ill and those with addiction problems and an exclusive environment that is friendly and one that is accommodative. Advantages of the new submission The new mental health policy Vision 2030 is expected to bring in tremendous change in New Zealand in the provision of better health care for those who have mental problems and suffer addiction. The healthcare service has been broadening not only to take care of those with mental health problems and addictions but also introduced health care strategies for the Maori, the disabled and primary public health access to all citizens (Rugkasa, 2016). There is a sensitization of some health strategies that were introduced in mental health policy 2005-2015 because the strategies are beneficial to the communities. The strategies include; New Zealand Health Strategy in, the New Zealand Disability Health Strategy, Primary Health Care Strategy and He Korowai Oranga: the Maori Health Strategy. These strategies are going to be implemented with an end term result of achievement of the 2030 mission because the strategies cover up the interest of all citizens across the board. The policy will enhance a continued growth of the healthcare workforce commitment to promoting diversity and cultural competency in meeting the needs of different individuals and must be evidence-based. The introduced strategies within the policy will lead to increase in health care facilities at the doorstep of those who are in need, to make sure that everyones need is cared for at their comfort. There is a development of a recovery philosophy that will direct services for people and recognizes that those who are using the services take the lead role to their own recovery in order to have personal confidence and a valued place in their communities (Pairman, 2015). The new policy involves families, friends, and the community in taking responsibility to make sure that those who have mental illness and addiction problems are well taken care of and that they access health care services to enable their quick recovery. The new Health Care Policy Vision 2030 is an all-around improvement of health care services across all diversity that has a focus in enhancing the performance of state services (New Zealand official yearbook 2010). The Maori people have been identified as the most affected community as compared to all other communities and the policy is interested in putting in place various mental health infrastructures that cater to their needs and aims to improve healthcare services by the year 2030 as this is a continuous process. The new policy is more concerned about the Maori and other marginalized groups and the state sector, wider community services working together to ensure that primary health care is a right for all citizens (Allen, Balfour, Bell, Marmot, 2014) by improving Socio-economic factor that is the major contributor to poor health care and treatment among the marginalized groups. This submission is aimed at making health care easily accessible especially to the Maori and other marginalized communities like the migrants and the refugees, by introducing Telepsychiatry that will increase internet use in the remote areas and enable individuals and families of those who are having mental illness and addiction problems to self-manage themselves. The new policy is looking forward to increasing international professional recruits from diverse backgrounds to work in various areas of expertise in assisting those with mental illness and addiction problems from minority groups. This in return will enhanc e cultural competence and better health care (Muir-Cochrane, Barkway, Nizette, 2010). There are acts that the policy has put in place to protect and to govern the individuals who have mental illness and addiction problems, to protect them against discrimination and abuse by any persons. Key stakeholders The major stakeholders include the policymakers, whose responsibility is to provide a framework through which health care services are equally given to the countrys citizens. Through the policymakers, one is able to know who is eligible to get care, where, how and who provides the care services among other things. The second stakeholders are the patients, and everyone at one point or another was and can be a patient. A patient must be a citizen, a voter or sometimes a taxpayer. Patients get services from the service providers. The third stakeholders are providers; they are responsible for providing health care based on the policies that are implemented by the policymakers. The providers coordinate with caregivers to provide health care services to the patients (Brady, 2013). The fourth key stakeholders are the payor, this involves insurance companies, health maintenance organizations, and care service contractors among others. All the stakeholders have a responsibility and a part to play in making sure that health care services offer quality services to all persons (Thurber et al, 2013). Through the government, better laws that are goal oriented can be proposed and passed for better service delivery. The patients as stakeholders have the responsibility of raising concern where necessary and demanding for better health care services within their areas. Payors, for example, the insurance companies should come up with better affordable packages that are disintegrated in all social classes and are inclusive to all persons regardless of their cultural background. The care providers should give quality health care to all care users who visit the care facilities and take charge and responsibility of making sure that they want a better outcome. Feasibility of proposed changes The proposed changes in the previous mental health policy are of importance if implemented in the new policy for the benefit of the service user and accountability of that care provider and the government. Making compulsory treatment to people suffering from mental illness should not be encouraged because we are all entitled to be treated with dignity and our rights must be respected and forcing persons with severe mental illness and addiction to have compulsory treatment is not fair (Morgan, Guthrie, 2015). However, the law is regulated in the new mental health policy Vision 2030; it gives the individuals with mental illness and addiction problems an equal right to make some decisions though not all depending on their conditions. Integration of leadership within the healthcare facilities is the best way to make sure that every health caregiver is taking charge and responsibility of their areas of expertise and the care users. The new policy is using an integration form of leadership to make sure that everyone involved in providing care is equally responsible for their actions because they are their own boss, this kind of management at the health care facilities will increase better health care services (McIntosh, Mulholland, 2011). Service monitoring is vital for any goal to be achieved, the new policy is dedicated to putting in place measures that help in monitoring the outcome of the implemented policies because this will help the policy stay on track in identifying the loopholes and looking for alternatives or solutions to deal with particular issues that may arise for the effectiveness and success of the implemented policies. Funding based on population is not really effective in maintaining better and easily accessible health care services to those who are having mental illness and addiction especially from the M?ori who are the most affected (Gaebel, Ro?ssler, Sartorius, 2017). The vision 2030 policy is aimed at implementing funding strategies to be equally distributed depending on the demographic populations rate of mental health problems, those areas with high mental illness and addiction problems get the most funding for the purpose of increasing infrastructures and facilities required to cut down the number of new addictions and mental illness and to control the high rates. Funding for projects that are intended to help in improving their health and mental wellness is vital in achieving the vision 2030 which is looking at a mental illness and addiction free society. It is sometimes difficult to differentiate a genuine project from a fake project and the government spends a lot of funds on the project that is associated with mental health and addiction problems as stipulated in the mental health policy 2005-2015. The government sometimes ends up funding projects that cannot be tracked or associated with its intended goal and the government end up losing money that could be used in improving health care in another project. However, this policy is taking the responsibility of establishing a process through which project funding is issued. Implementation of such laws will help the government to keep track of all state funding (World Health Organization 2014). This policy gives the government the priority of being responsible to make changes that can positively affect the outcome of the mental health policy in place. Conclusion Mental health care and addiction among the M?ori group are high compared to other groups or community within the New Zealand. The new policy looks up to the government to take up the responsibility of training nurses, psychiatrists, clinicians on cultural diversity for the purpose of meeting the needs of the culturally diverse community. This policy encourages competency among health care providers, and it is responsible for making sure that the employed caregivers are competent enough in dealing with individuals from the minority groups and understanding their personal needs besides their medical condition. The new mental health policy has brought on board the needs of all citizens and is aimed at providing better health care for all persons despite their cultural or ethnic differences (Figley, Huggard, Rees, 2013). The recognition of M?ori community and the disabled individuals is a big step for the entire health facilities to embrace inclusion and diversity. The vision 2030 policy is to succeed the mental health policy 2005-2015 for the need of achieving the goals and objectives that were not met by mental health policy 2005-2015 so that the government can reach up to everyone by providing primary health care services as a right to all New Zealand citizens (Compton, Shim, American Psychiatric Publishing 2015). The continued funding of the related projects will increase healthcare facilities and availability of resources for all citizens across the board hence improving health care for those who are mentally ill and those who suffer addiction. Implementation of the laws that have been stated within the policy will help in protecting individuals with mental illness and addiction problems from harassment, verbal and even physical abuse (WHO, 2014). However, the governments have gone a long way in creating primary health care service to the minority groups especially the M?ori and the entire new Zealanders and through these changes have bee n experienced and the vision 2030 policy is dedicated to making sure that New Zealand is a mental illness and addiction free society. References Allen, J., Balfour, R., Bell, R., Marmot, M. (2014). Social determinants of mental health.International Review of Psychiatry,26(4), 392-407. Brady, M. (2013). The nature of health and social care partnerships.Nursing Management (through 2013),19(9), 30-5. Retrieved from https://search.proquest.com/docview/1285578813?accountid=45049 Compton, M. T., Shim, R. S., American Psychiatric Publishing,. (2015).The social determinants of mental health. Crooks, V. A., Andrews, G. J. (2009).Primary health care: People, practice, place. Farnham, England: Ashgate. Dawson, J., In Gledhill, K., New Zealand Law Foundation. (2013).New Zealand's Mental Health Act in practice. Duncan, D. (2016). Regulating work that kills us slowly: The challenge of chronic work- related health problems.New Zealand Journal of Employment Relations (Online),41(2), 87- 103. Retrieved from https://search.proquest.com/docview/1851051186?accountid=45049 Elder, R., Evans, K., Nizette, D. (2013).Psychiatric and mental health nursing. Chatswood, NSW: Mosby/Elsevier Australia. Figley, C. R., Huggard, P., Rees, C. E. (2013).First, do no self-harm: Understanding and promoting physician stress resilience Gaebel, W., Ro?ssler, W., Sartorius, N. (2017).The Stigma of Mental Illness - End of the Story?. Goudreau, K. A., Smolenski, M. C. (2013).Health policy and advanced practice nursing: Impact and implications. Koehlmoos, T. P., Anwar, S., Cravioto, A. (2011). Global health: Chronic diseases and other emergent issues in global health.Infectious disease clinics of North America,25(3), 623- 638. Komaric, N., Bedford, S., van Driel, M.,L. (2012). Two sides of the coin: Patient and provider perceptions of health care delivery to patients from culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds.BMC Health Services Research,12, 322. doi:https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1472-6963-12-322 Mirzaei, M., Aspin, C., Essue, B., Jeon, Y., Dugdale, P., Usherwood, T., Leeder, S. (2013). A patient-centred approach to health service delivery: Improving health outcomes for people with chronic illness.BMC Health Services Research,13, 251. doi:https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1472-6963-13-251 McCloughen, A., Gillies, D., O'brien, L. (2011). Collaboration between mental health consumers and nurses: shared understandings, dissimilar experiences.International Journal of Mental Health Nursing,20(1), 47-55. McGeorge, P. (2012). Lessons learned in developing community mental health care in Australasia and the South Pacific.World Psychiatry,11(2), 129-132. McMurray, A., Clendon, J. (2011).Community health and wellness: Primary health care in practice. Chatswood, N.S.W: Elsevier Australia. McGregor, J., Wilson, M. A., Bell, S. A. (2016).Human rights in New Zealand: A turning point. McIntosh, T., Mulholland, M. (2011).Maori and social issues. Minas, I. H., Lewis, M. (2017).Mental health in Asia and the Pacific: Historical and cultural perspectives.. Morgan, G., Guthrie, S. (2015).Are We There Yet?: The Future of the Treaty of Waitangi. Cork: BookBaby. Muir-Cochrane, E., Barkway, P., Nizette, D. (2010).Mosby's pocketbook of mental health. Chatswood, N.S.W: Mosby/Elsevier. New Zealand official yearbook 2010 =: Te pukapuka houanga whaimana o Aotearoa 2010. (2010). Rosedale, Auckland: David Bateman. Pairman, S. (2015).Midwifery: Preparation for practice. Piat, M., Sabetti, J. (2009). The development of a recovery-oriented mental health system in Canada: what the experience of Commonwealth countries tells us.Canadian Journal of Community Mental Health,28(2), 17-33. Renouf, N., Tullgren, A. (2010).Social work practice in mental health: an introduction. Rugkasa, J. (2016).Coercion in community mental health care. Place of publication not identified: Oxford Univ Press. Thornicroft, G. (2011).Global mental health: Putting community care into practice. Chichester, Thornicroft, G., Alem, A., Drake, R. E., Ito, H., Mari, J., McGeorge, P., ... Semrau, M. (Eds.). (2011).Community mental health: Putting policy into practice globally(Vol. 29). Thurber, Mark C,PhD., M.S., Warner, C., B.A., Platt, L., B.A., Slaski, A., B.A., Gupta, Rajesh, MD,M.S., M.P.H., Miller, Grant,PhD., M.P.P. (2013). To promote adoption of household health technologies, think beyond health.American Journal of Public Health,103(10), 1736-40. Retrieved from https://search.proquest.com/docview/1441294096?accountid=45049 West Sussex: John Wiley Sons. Volkow, N. D., Koob, G. (2015). Brain disease model of addiction: why is it so controversial?.The Lancet Psychiatry,2(8), 677-679. Walker, G., Bryant, W. (2013). Peer support in adult mental health services: A metasynthesis of qualitative findings. World Health Organization. (2014).Social determinants of mental health. World Health Organization. World Health Organization. (2014).Implementing a Health 2020 Vision: Governance for Health in the 21st Century. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.

How does marijuana affect the brain

Introduction Marijuana is commonly known by other names such as pot, weed, skunk, ganja or grass. Marijuana refers to dried leaves of the cannabis plant that people smoke or eat to get the feeling of euphoria. A substance in the marijuana leaves called delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol abbreviated as THC causes the euphoria (Steinherz Vissing, 1997-1998; Monroe, 1998).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on How does marijuana affect the brain? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The abusers of the drug crave for THC, which leads to addiction. Marijuana is among the illegal drugs that are regularly used in the world. In Europe and the United States, marijuana is the leading illegal drug that many people use. Most people smoke it and teens have not been left behind in the craze for marijuana as they start smoking it early. Studies have shown that the effects of marijuana are negative. One of the profound findings of the studies is on the negative effects of marijuana on the brain. The use of marijuana is harmful to an individual and its use should be regulated. Marijuana affects the brain and thus has an overall negative in an individual because it affects the brain, which is a vital organ in the body. It is important to note that marijuana affects other parts of the body such as the lungs but this paper will look at how marijuana affects the brain. Theories of marijuana usage There is a marijuana theory called the stepping stone theory. The theory asserts that the usage of marijuana often leads to abuse of other drugs. Marijuana is said to contain pharmacological properties, which induce the users to try to experiment with other drugs (Mack Joy, 2001). The theory applies in that if an individual will enjoy the usage of marijuana they are more likely to enjoy stronger drugs than marijuana such as cocaine. The theory presupposes that factors that lead one to start using marijuana are likely to lea d to use of hard drugs. Not only does it harm an individual’s brain but also leads to further harm through the introduction to other drugs such as cocaine and heroine (Kring, Johnson, Davison Neale, 2009). It is important to note that not all users of marijuana end up using other drugs such as cocaine but many users of such drugs as heroine began by using marijuana (Kring et al, 2009). Moreover, people are introduced to marijuana smoking because they are told it has positive effects such as relieving one of stress but the results of the smoking are short lived as when marijuana effects wears off the issues that had caused the stress still remain and he or she must deal with problem to avoid further stress. The other theory is the gateway theory. The theory urges that there is a consistent pattern of drug abuse from adolescence into adulthood. Young people who start the usage of marijuana are more likely to continue the habit in adulthood. The people who are able to gain acce ss to marijuana, which is an illegal drug, also get access to other drugs hence marijuana acts as a gateway to other hard drugs as their access becomes easy (Mack Joy, 2001).Advertising Looking for research paper on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Researches findings on effects of marijuana on the brain Research findings on the brain show that abuse of marijuana for a long time affects the brain just as the other drugs do to the brain. The usage of marijuana affects a person general life. A study shows that the users who take high doses of marijuana report problems such as their distortion of their cognitive abilities, which include the memory. Studies also indicate that people who start smoking marijuana at an early age have higher risks of getting the negative effects because their brains are still developing. The findings on the effects of marijuana on the brain show mixed results as some say that marijua na has no long time effects on the brain and that the short effects wear quickly. They consider marijuana to contain useful medicinal values such as alleviating nausea in cancer patients and helping them to regain their eating appetite (NIDA Infofacts: marijuana, n.d.). In fact some groups have been calling for the legalization of marijuana because they say it does not have negative effects. Other studies have also shown that the amounts of marijuana required in causing brain damage are very high and the studies done on animals indicate that human beings have little chance of having their brains damaged through smoking of marijuana. Some studies also indicate that use of marijuana can lead to mental problems. Individuals who use marijuana exhibit increased levels of things such as anxiety, depression, stress and schizophrenia. Evidence shows that there is a strong link between marijuana use and schizophrenia later on in life (How Does Marijuana Affect the Brain? 2010). How marijuana travels to the brain THC targets the brain and thus affects this vital human organ. Marijuana is often taken through inhalation via smoking and gains faster access to the bloodstream. It gains fast access to the brain because it is able to bypass the digestive process (Mehling Triggle, 2003, p. 26). The metabolites in the drug are lipophilic- fat-soluble and are able to bypass the barrier that regulates substances that pass from the blood to the brain. Marijuana is able to gain access to the brain and bypass two layers of cells, which act as the barrier between the blood and the brain. When marijuana gets to the brain, the users report that they feel released from stress and attain euphoria. It is important to note that the effects of marijuana depend on things such as the social setting, users experience and psychological history with the drug in association with countless personality effects and the chemical complexity of the marijuana. The chemical complexity of marijuana depen ds on the part of the cannabis plant from which it is taken from for instance THC is located in resin found in the flowering tops of the cannabis plant and a small amount in the leaves. The most chemically complex marijuana is found in resin removed from the stem and the leaves. Such marijuana contains from eight to fourteen per cent of THC whereas marijuana made from dried leaves of the plant contains from four to 8 per cent of THC (Steinherz Vissing, 1997-1998).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on How does marijuana affect the brain? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Effects of marijuana on the brain The substance THC is fat-soluble and may be left in the body’s fatty tissues and later released into the bloodstream after a long period. Studies show that regular users of marijuana have a higher risk of getting their brains affected than the occasional users. Frequent users are more likely to be affe cted because THC takes a longer time to be released from their bodies as they accumulate large quantities of the substance in their bodies. Studies show that use of marijuana has effects on the brain. Those who use marijuana exhibit it effects on their brains after a while and even though studies on how it affects the brain have been inconsistent, its impact on the users cannot be denied (Weinsten et al, 2007). For instance, one study shows that there is no conclusive evidence of brain damage because of marijuana usage. Nine people who underwent the study showed no sign of brain damage even after smoking about nine marijuana cigarettes from the CAT scans. Nevertheless, many other researches have shown that the THC is responsible for altering the way in which the brain senses as well as the processing of information. The alterations are mostly notable in the region of the brain called the hippocampus. Marijuana affects the memory of an individual when taken in high doses as THC alter s the way the brain functions because it has many receptors that receive the THC. The hippocampus part of the brain has the responsibility of integrating sensory of the memory and motivation. It is also responsible with memory and the learning process. Thus, memory and learning is interfered with by marijuana usage (Mehling Triggle, 2003). THC attaches itself on the receptors in the hippocampus and due to the fact that it is a steroid it inhibits the hippocampus from retrieving memory and especially the short term memory. THC is responsible for weakening the short term memory through the destruction of the nerve cells. The destroyed nerve cells acquire new structures which are unable to register any new information to the brain when marijuana users take high doses. The information an individual on a high dose of marijuana may not be registered in the brain hence they cannot retrieve it from their memory. Moreover, THC reduces the ability of the nerve cells to function well (Ejelonu , 2004). The hippocampus region of the brain contains cannabinoid receptors that receive the THC which make users feel high. The high concentration of cannaboid in the brain makes the users experiences problems with the memory as the nerves responsible for transmitting information to the brain are distorted. The impact on the memory can affect other activities such as learning long after the effects of high doses of marijuana wear off. The users of marijuana often have lower educational attainment than their non-smoking counterparts because it affects their memory and learning process (Gruber, Pope, Hudson Yurgelun-Todd, 2003).Advertising Looking for research paper on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Marijuana affects the memory types in two ways. The first type of the memory affected is recognition. Through the recognition memory, an individual is able to identify words Users of marijuana are able to identify words that they had seen prior to smoking marijuana and identify other words that they had not seen prior to smoking. The mistake in recognizing words that had not been seen prior to smoking is called memory intrusions. The memory intrusions occur because the brain’s free cells are affected by THC. Smoking marijuana interferes with the ability of the user to recall words correctly from a given list. For example, smokers of marijuana are only able to remember some words in a given list. They remember the words that they saw last and forget those that appear in first in the list. The failure to recall the words at the top of the list after a short while indicates that marijuana ahs strong effects on the brain. The THC in marijuana does not impair ones ability to recal l but instead alters the way the memory works by creating selective memory where one recalls some words and not others (Ejelonu, 2004). Conclusion Marijuana use has been shown by studies to affect the brain in a number of ways. The chemical substance found in the cannabis plant called THC sticks to the cannabinoid receptors that are concentrated on the hippocampus area in the brain and changes the way the nerve cells work. The alteration of the function of the nerve cells affects how information is registered on the memory and the ability of the marijuana user to recall information. Moreover, marijuana affects an individual’s life in a myriad ways such as in their social life, careers and even in their cognitive motor skills. The fact that some researches show that marijuana does not have harmful damages on an individual should not encourage people to experiment with the drug as there is evidence to show that it does have an effect on the brain and those effects are negative in nature apart from the short lived feelings of euphoria that lure people into the drug. More importantly, people need to be educated on how marijuana affects the human brain and body in general so that those who decide to start or continue its use make informed choices. In addition, more studies need to be done to give conclusive information on how marijuana use affects an individual’s brain to remove the controversy surrounding the drug. Reference List Ejelonu, A. (2004). How does marijuana affect the brain? Web. Gruber, A.J., Hope, H.G., Hudson, J.I. Yurgelun-Todd, D. (2003). Attributes of long-term heavy cannabis users: a case-control study. Psychological Medicine, 33, 1415-1422. How Does Marijuana Affect the Brain? (2010). Web. Kring, A. Johnson, S. Davison, G.C. Neale, J.M. (2009). Abnormal psychology. New York: John Wiley and Sons. Mack, A. Joy, J.E. (2001). Marijuana as medicine?: the science beyond the controversy. New National Academies Press. Mehling, R. Trigg le, D.J. (2003). Marijuana. New York: InfoBase Publishing. Monroe, J. (1998). Marijuana- a mind altering drug, Current Health, 24 (7), no.pag. NIDA Info facts: marijuana. (n.d.). Web. Steinherz, K Vissing, T. (1997-1998). The medical effects of marijuana on the Brain. Web. Weinstein, A et al. (2008). Brain imaging study of the acute effects of Δ9 – tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) on attention and motor coordination in regular users of marijuana. Psychopharmacology, 196 (1), 119-131. This research paper on How does marijuana affect the brain? was written and submitted by user Jayson W. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Rising and Falling Intonation in Pronunciation

Rising and Falling Intonation in Pronunciation Use punctuation to help your pronunciation skills by adding a pause after each period, comma, semi-colon or colon. By using punctuation to guide when you pause while reading, you will begin to speak in a more natural manner. Make sure to read the example sentences on this page out loud using the pronunciation tips provided.  Lets look at an example sentence: Im going to visit my friends in Chicago. They have a beautiful house, so Im staying with them for two weeks. In this example, pause after Chicago and house. This will help anyone whos listening to you follow you more easily. On the other hand, if you rush through the periods and commas (and other punctuation marks), your pronunciation will sound unnatural and it will be difficult for listeners to follow your thoughts. Punctuation that marks the end of a sentence also has specific intonation. Intonation means the rising and the lowering of the voice when speaking. In other words, intonation refers to the voice rising and falling. Lets take a look at the different types of intonation used with pronunciation. Asking Questions Follows Two Patterns Rising Voice at the End of a Question If the question is a yes / no question, the voice rises at the end of a question. Do you like living in Portland?Have you lived here a long time?Did you visit your friends last month? Falling Voice at the End of a Question If the question is an information question- in other words, if you are asking a question with where, when, what, which, why, what/which kind of.., and questions with how- let your voice fall at the end of a question. Where are you going to stay on vacation?When did you arrive last night?How long have you lived in this country? Question Tags Question tags are used to either confirm information or to ask for clarification. The intonation is different in each case.   Question Tags to Confirm If you think you know something, but would like to confirm it, let the voice fall in the question tag. You live in Seattle, dont you?This is easy, isnt it?You arent coming to the meeting, are you? Question Tags to Ask for Clarification When using a question tag to clarify, let the voice rise to let the listener know that you expect more information. Peter isnt going to be at the party, is he?You understand your role, dont you?We arent expected to finish the report by Friday, are we? End of Sentences The voice usually falls at the end of sentences. However, when making a short statement with a word that is only one syllable the voice rises to express happiness, shock, approval, etc. Thats great!Im free!I bought a new car. When making a short statement with a word that is more than one syllable (multi-syllabic) the voice falls. Mary is happy.Were married.Theyre exhausted. Commas We also use a specific type of intonation when using commas in a list. Lets take a look at an example: Peter enjoys playing tennis, swimming, hiking, and biking. In this example, the voice rises after each item in the list. For the final item, let the voice fall.  In other words, tennis, swimming, and hiking all rise in intonation. The final activity, biking, falls in intonation. Practice with a few more examples: We bought some jeans, two shirts, a pair of shoes, and an umbrella.Steve wants to go to Paris, Berlin, Florence, and London. Pause After an Introductory Subordinate Clause Subordinate clauses begin with subordinating conjunctions. These include because, though, or time expressions such as when, before, by the time, as well as others. You can use a subordinating conjunction to introduce a subordinate clause at the beginning of a sentence, or in the middle of a sentence. When beginning a sentence with a subordinating conjunction (as in this sentence), pause at the end of ​the  introductory subordinating clause. When you read this letter, I will have left you forever.Because its so expensive to travel in Europe, I have decided to go to Mexico for my vacation.Although the test was very hard, I got an A on it.

Islamic accounting and financial reporting Essay - 1

Islamic accounting and financial reporting - Essay Example 16). On the other hand, IFRS was enacted to harmonize the universal accounting procedures and processes into a harmonized system. This study will cover the implementation of the IFRS by the country of Malaysia. The paper will have a candid review of the adoption of the IFRS by Malaysia, and the conflicts that this move presents to the application of the AAOIFI standards. As a start off, the paper evaluates the financial and accounting system in Malaysia. AAOFIFI and IFRS are then evaluated with respect to their components, procedures of application and treatment of various financial transactions. The paper then compares and contrast the accounting treatment of both standards before discussing the procedures that are used by the Malaysian authorities to implement IFSR and overcome Conflicts with AAOIFI (Schoon 2009, p.50). The study finalizes by analysing the effectiveness of the IFRS implementation strategy in Malaysia. The financial system of Malaysia is made up of Islamic and conventional financial institutions which operate in parallel. The apex of financial and monetary structure in Malaysia is the Bank Negara, which is the Malaysian Central bank. The financial system comprises the banking and non-banking system. The banking system is made up of 21 Islamic banks, 25 commercial banks and 15 investment banks. To compliment banking institutions are the non-banking financial institutions. In Malaysia, there are 43 insurance and re-insurance companies, 13 Takaful Operators, four retakaful operators and six development financial institutions. The Islamic financial system in Malaysia has continued to grow and develop. Currently, the Islamic financial system comprise of Takaful, Retakaful, Islamic Capital Market and Islamic Interbank Money market. MIFC (International Islamic Financial Centre) was opened in the year 2006, with the aim of strengthening

The Development and Structure of Nursing Knowledge Paper Essay

The Development and Structure of Nursing Knowledge Paper - Essay Example Nonetheless, there are some characterizing differences between theoretical and practical knowledge in nursing. Differences between theoretical and practical knowledge in nursing Theoretical knowledge Practical knowledge Also referred to as â€Å"know-that† knowledge, theoretical knowledge is gained from conducting various types of research. Also referred to as â€Å"know-how† knowledge, practical knowledge is acquired through individual experience. Involves trying to identify the necessary conditions for the occurrence of a real-life situation. Involves what happens during real-life situations. Involves what nurses read or are told concerning patient care. Involves what nurses observe during patient care. It is rational, in that it is easily communicated through description. It is tactical, in that it is hard to communicate this knowledge by word of mouth; observing someone doing it is more helpful. It is used to predict future occurrences, using cause-and-effect correl ations. It is used to attend to immediate situations, while relying on psychomotor skills. It is conditional and subject to inaccuracy and future challenges. Time, skill, and competence lead to more refined practical knowledge. In the end, although there are glaring differences between theoretical and practical knowledge in nursing, none can exist without the other. ... The most pertinent issue concerns the incongruity between what is taught in nursing courses and what actual practice demands. Aligning nursing education with actual practice All through the history of nursing, emergent healthcare issues have led to the adoption of new and different designs of the nursing curriculum. In the modern world, the healthcare industry is undergoing a lot of changes occasioned by new lifestyles, new technologies, and demographic changes. As a result, there have been concerns over whether the nursing education provided in nursing schools is still relevant in the healthcare industry. According to McKenna & Slevin (2008) one of the issues that have caused the public to lack confidence in the nursing curriculum is the increased number of medical errors. Fundamentally, medical errors mean patient safety is at risk, leading to an increased number of people dying from medical errors. It has been argued that there exists a large discrepancy between theory and practic e in nursing education. Today, this concern is gaining more global attention, as research shows that graduate nurses are unable to apply their theoretical knowledge to nursing practice. NACNEP (2010) states that a study conducted in 2008 showed that graduate nurses felt confident that the knowledge they had acquired in while studying was sufficient to enable them practice efficiently. However, according to the research, these graduates were lacking in certain skills, such as charting patient information and the use of information technology in healthcare. As a result, it the assumption is that the current nursing curriculum emphasizes more on theory than on practice. According to McKenna & Slevin (2008) nurses spend more time

Comparing Millennial Generation To Boomer Essay

Comparing Millennial Generation To Boomer - Essay Example These generations constitute strong possibilities for analysis as they represent polar opposites in terms of birth, with the Baby Boomers constituting the generation born immediately after World War II and the Millennial Generation those born between 1982-2001. This essay examines these generations in terms of educational opportunities, One of the prominent areas of consideration between the Baby Boomer Generation and the Millennial Generation is the nature of educational opportunities. A notable consideration in these regards is the understanding that both generations emerged in an era of relative prosperity where pursuing higher education was not only a possibility, but an expected course of action for much of the population. Within this area of understanding statistical figures further elucidate areas of differentiation between the two generations. In terms of male education for Baby Boomers, it’s indicated that 25% have some college and 13% have four years of college or mo re. This is compared to males in the Millennial Generation wherein 34% have some college and 15% have four years of college or more. In these regards, the figures for individuals completing college are highly similar. This is not true for females where the disparity between the generations is marked, with 20% of Millennials completing four years of college or more as compared to 11% of Baby Boomers. These changing educational opportunities are also indicative of the shifting of gender roles among the two age groups. While Baby Boomers matriculated in an era where the male was still seen as the primary bread winner, the Millennial Generation increasingly saw the increase of women’s responsibility in the workplace. Another prominent area of consideration is the relative level of diversity between the Baby Boomer Generation and the Millennial Generation. One of the main considerations occurs in the reduction of the majority ethnicity between the two generations. In these regards , the Baby Boomer generation is noted to constitute 77% white, 9% Hispanic, and 12% black. This is compared to the Millennial Generation which demonstrates a demographic make-up of 61% white, 19% Hispanic, and 13% black. The main distinction between the two is clearly the strong rise in Hispanic populations between the generations. While this is indicative of shifts within these generations, it is also highly indicative of general shifts in the overriding population, both demographically and socio-culturally. While educational opportunities and diversity levels are statistically correlated they are also indicative of a number shifting attitudes and perspectives between the generations. Within this context of understanding, a number of qualitative understandings have been articulated. Starbucker presents the Baby Boomer contrast to Don Tapscott’s seminal text on the Millennial Generation Growing Up Digital. Among the comparative elements Starbucker considers contrasting attitu des on the nature of freedom, with both generations valuing it, but the Millennial Generation achieving heightened levels with increased access to digital technology, such as cell-phones and portable Internet access. Another prominent differentiation between the two generations is the outlook on the advance of technology. While the Baby Boomer generation experienced great technological leaps in terms of medical care, the television, and advancing car efficiency, the Millennial Generation has come to be almost identified with the shifting nature of technological progress. Another prominent area of consideration is the shifting attitudes towards the political spectrum. From a broad and qualitative under

Crohns Disease: Causes, Symptoms and Treatments

Crohns Disease: Causes, Symptoms and Treatments INTRODUCTION TO NUTRITION  CROHN DISEASE Introduction to Nutrition Crohn Disease Introduction Sustenance is characterized as the methods by which a creature or plant takes in and uses nourishment substances. Vital supplements incorporate protein, carb, fat, vitamins, minerals and electrolytes. Regularly, 85% of day by day vitality use is from fat and starches and 15% from protein. In people, nourishment is primarily attained through the procedure of placing sustenance’s into our mouths, biting and swallowing it. The obliged measures of the key supplements contrast by age and the state of the body, for instance: physical action, infections present (e.g. prostate disease, breast tumor or debilitated bones – known as osteoporosis), pharmaceuticals, pregnancy and lactation. Sustenance is crucial for development and advancement, and wellbeing. Consuming a solid eating methodology helps anticipating future disease and enhancing quality and length of life. Your healthful status is the state of your wellbeing as controlled by what you consume. There are a few methods for evaluating dietary status, including anthropometric (i.e. physical body estimation), sustenance admission and biochemical estimation. Your body mass list (BMI) is a great pointer of your healthful status. It considers your weight and tallness, and relates well with aggregate muscle to fat quotients communicated as a rate of body weight. The association relies on upon age, with the most astounding relationship seen in ages 26–55 years and the least in the adolescent and the elderly. On the off chance that you take your weight in kilograms and gap it by your tallness in meters squared, the figure you acquire is your BMI (American Diabetes Association 2008). What Is Crohn Disease Crohns illness, otherwise called Crohn syndrome and territorial enteritis, is a sort of incendiary gut infection (IBD) that may influence any some piece of the gastrointestinal tract from mouth to butt, bringing on a wide mixed bag of manifestations. It principally causes stomach torment, looseness of the bowels (which may be grisly if aggravation is serious), heaving, or weight loss, yet might additionally cause complexities outside the gastrointestinal tract, for example, paleness, skin rashes, joint inflammation, irritation of the eye, tiredness, and absence of concentration.Crohns ailment is brought about by collaborations between ecological, immunological and bacterial components in hereditarily helpless individuals. This results in a ceaseless provocative issue, in which the bodys resistant framework strike the gastrointestinal tract conceivably coordinated at microbial antigens. While Crohns is an invulnerable related sickness, it doesnt seem, by all accounts, to be an immune system infection (in that the insusceptible framework is not being activated by the body itself). The careful underlying safe issue is not clear; in any case, it may be a safe lack state  (DHaens, et al. 2008). What are the Causes of this Disease? Crohns illness appears to be created by a blending of ecological components and hereditary predisposition. Crohns is the first hereditarily perplexing ailment in which the relationship between hereditary danger variables and the invulnerable framework is seen in extensive detail. Each individual danger transformation makes a little commitment to the general danger of Crohns (pretty nearly 1:200). The hereditary information, and immediate appraisal of resistance, demonstrates a glitch in the characteristic insusceptible system. In this view, the perpetual aggravation of Crohns is brought on when the versatile safe framework tries to adjust for an inadequate intrinsic resistant framework(Brest, et al. 2011). How do you Diagnose Crohn Disease? The judgment of Crohns ailment can here and there be challenging, and various tests are frequently needed to help the doctor in making the diagnosis. Even with a full battery of tests, it may not be conceivable to diagnose Crohns with complete sureness; a colonoscopy is roughly 70% viable in diagnosing the sickness, with further tests being less compelling. Ailment in the little gut is especially troublesome to diagnose, as a customary colonoscopy permits access to just the colon and more level segments of the small guts; presentation of the case endoscopy supports in endoscopic analysis. Multinucleated titan cells, a typical finding in the injuries of Crohns illness, are less normal in the sores of lichen nitidus (Desmond, et al. 2008). What are the Symptoms? bdominal ache may be the beginning side effect of Crohns malady. It is regularly joined by looseness of the bowels, particularly in the individuals who have had surgery. The runs could conceivably be bleeding. The way of the runs in Crohns ailment relies on upon the piece of the small digestive system or colon included. Ileitis normally brings about substantial volume, watery defecation. Colitis may bring about a littler volume of excrement of higher recurrence. Fecal consistency may go from robust to watery. In extreme cases, an individual may have more than 20 solid discharges for every day and may need to stir during the evening to defecate. Visible draining in the excrement is less basic in Crohns sickness than in ulcerative colitis, however may be seen in the setting of Crohns colitis. Bloody defecations regularly come and go, and may be brilliant or dull red in shade. In the setting of serious Crohns colitis, draining may be copious. Flatulence and bloating may additionally add to the intestinal discomfort. Manifestations brought about by intestinal stenosis are likewise regular in Crohns infection. Stomach ache is regularly most extreme in territories of the inside with stenosis. Constant spewing and queasiness may demonstrate stenosis from little entrails check or infection including the stomach, pylorus, or duodenum. Although the acquaintanceship is more amazing in the connection of ulcerative colitis, Crohns illness might likewise be connected with essential sclerosing cholangitis, a kind of aggravation of the bile ducts. Perianal distress might additionally be unmistakable in Crohns malady. Irritation or agony around the rear-end may be suggestive of aggravation, fistulization or boil around the butt-centric area or butt-centric crevice. Perianal skin labels are additionally regular in Crohns disease. Fecal incontinence may go hand in hand with perianal Crohns malady. At the inverse end of the gastrointestinal tract, the mouth may be influenced by non-mending bruises (aphthous ulcers). Infrequently, the throat, and stomach may be included in Crohns infection. These can result in manifestations including trouble swallowing (dysphagia), upper stomach agony, and regurgitating(DHaens, et al. 2008). What are the Treatments? Intense medication utilizes prescriptions to treat any contamination (regularly anti-toxins) and to diminish irritation (typically amino salicylate mitigating medications and corticosteroids). At the point when manifestations are disappearing, medicine enters upkeep, with an objective of dodging the repeat of side effects. Delayed utilization of corticosteroids has critical reactions; thus, they may be, all in all, not utilized for long haul medicine. Choices incorporate amino salicylates alone, however just a minority can keep up the medication, and numerous oblige immunosuppressive drugs. It has been likewise proposed that anti-microbial change the enteric vegetation, and their persistent utilization may represent the danger of excess with pathogens, for example, Clostridium difficile. Prescriptions used to treat the manifestations of Crohns illness incorporate 5-aminosalicylic corrosive (5-ASA) plans, prednisone, immunomodulators, for example, azathioprine (given as the prodrug for 6-mercaptopurine), methotrexate, infliximab, adalimumab, certolizumab and natalizumab. Hydrocortisone ought to be utilized as a part of extreme strike of Crohns disease. The slow misfortune of blood from the gastrointestinal tract, and additionally interminable aggravation, regularly prompts paleness, and expert rules propose routinely checking for this. Adequate malady control typically enhances sickliness of constant infection, yet press insufficiency may oblige medication with iron supplements. Rules change regarding how iron ought to be managed. Some exhort parenteral iron as first line as it works speedier, has fewer gastrointestinal symptoms, and is unaffected by irritation decreasing enteral assimilation (Brest, et al. 2011). What other Problems Caused by Crohn Disease? Crohns infection may prompt one or a greater amount of the accompanying inconveniences: Bowel Obstruction Crohns malady influences the thickness of the intestinal divider. About whether, parts of the inside can thicken and restricted, which may hinder the stream of digestive substance through the influenced some piece of your digestive system. A few cases oblige surgery to evacuate the infected share of your gut. Ulcer Incessant aggravation can prompt open bruises (ulcers) anyplace in your digestive tract, including your mouth and rear-end, and in the genital zone (perineum) and rear-end. Fistulas Some of the time ulcers can augment totally through the intestinal divider, making a fistula — an unusual association between distinctive parts of your digestive tract, between your digestive system and skin, or between your digestive tract and an alternate organ, for example, the bladder or vagina. At the point when interior fistulas create, nourishment may sidestep zones of the gut that are fundamental for ingestion. An outer fistula can result in consistent seepage of inside substance to your skin, and in a few cases, a fistula may get tainted and structure a ulcer, an issue that could be life-debilitating if left untreated. Fistulas around the butt-centric region (perianal) are the most widely recognized sort of fistulas (Desmond, et al. 2008). How to Prevent Crohn Disease? Crohns sickness, a sort of provocative gut infection, is an interminable issue that cant be completely anticipated or cured. Since the manifestations of Crohns illness show up as short, intense flare-ups, it may be useful to comprehend approaches to keep Crohns malady and decrease the seriousness of the co-partnered side effects. Crohns Disease, otherwise called incendiary gut illness, avoidance methodologies can help to deal with the manifestations and decrease the shots of backslide. Instructions to Prevent Crohns Disease: Reduce push on the digestive tract by having little, visit dinners. It is better to consume 5-6 little suppers in a day than 2-3 expansive dinners. Adopt a low fiber, however generally adjusted eating methodology. An eating methodology high in fiber may disturb excited intestinal dividers. Eat ready bananas, fruits, curd, and pureed vegetables since they help to keep up ideal intestinal greenery. Eliminate wheat, wheat items, and lactose-holding sustenance’s from your eating methodology. Despite the fact that wiping out these nourishments does not straightforwardly straightforwardness the manifestations of Crohns illness, it wills simplicity the side effects of heartburn and bloating. Because anxiety can exacerbate the indications of Crohns ailment, unwinding strategies, for example, yoga, reflection, and moderate breathing may be useful. Avoid stimulants like tobacco and juice, practice normally, keep up an inspirational disposition, and get sufficient slumber to help keep Crohn disease (Krzystek, t al. 2010). Lifestyle Changes Certain lifestyle progressions can lessen indications, including dietary alterations, basic eating regimen, fitting hydration, and smoking end. Smoking may build Crohns infection; halting is suggested. Consuming little suppers much of the time rather than enormous dinners might likewise help with a low hunger. To oversee side effects have an adjusted eating methodology with legitimate bit control. Weakness can benefit from outside intervention with general work out, a sound eating regimen, and enough rest. A sustenance journal may help with recognizing nourishments that trigger manifestations. Some individuals ought to take after a low dietary fiber eating regimen to control manifestations particularly if stringy nourishments cause symptoms. Some discover help in disposing of casein (protein found in cows milk) and gluten (protein found in wheat, rye and grain) from their eating regimens. They may have particular dietary intolerances (not unfavorable susceptibilities)(DHaens, et al. 2008). Food that may help Ease the Crohn Symptoms? The sustenance’s that you put into your body can have an effect on the seriousness of your Crohns manifestations. Crohns patients distinguish different nourishments as triggers, and others as sustenance’s that help straightforwardness indications. In any case, both triggers and force nourishments are exceptionally variable and individual in their articulation what works for one man may not work for another person, or may even exacerbate indications. Few of them are as follows: Yogurt Live-society yogurt might be an incredible nourishment to consume on the off chance that you experience the ill effects of Crohns illness. The probiotics in this type of yogurt can help in helping with recuperation of the digestive system. Oily Fish Slick fish, for example, salmon, fish, and herring may help with some of your Crohns manifestations. Food Vegetables An eating regimen holding a lot of foods grown from the ground can help make manifestations less extreme. On the off chance that, on the other hand, you find that crude tree grown foods compound an erupt, try unsweetened fruit purà ©e and bananas a try. Cooked Carrots For some Crohns patients, carrots might be an extraordinary vegetable for getting your fill of supplements without disturbing indications. Throughout a Crohns erupt; make certain to cook the carrots until theyre delicate and delicate, as cooked carrots arent just simple to process. Cereals In the event that you experience the ill effects of Crohns, you may think that it accommodating to maintain a strategic distance from cereals that are high in fiber, particularly entire wheat or entire grain grains. Nonetheless, there are sure oats with low measures of fiber that will help you get your nourishing prerequisites. These incorporate refined oats, for example, Cream of Wheat, and dry grains, for example, Special K, Corn Flakes, and Rice Krispies(American Diabetes Association 2008). What % of People has Crohn Disease n U.A.E? Crohns Disease is an incendiary sickness of the digestion tracts that may influence any a piece of the gastrointestinal tract from the mouth to the butt. Crohns Disease influences roughly one in 1500 people in the UAE, influencing somewhat more ladies than men. Youngsters between the ages of 20 and 35 are most influenced, and once you have it, you will dependably have it, despite the fact that the signs and indications may change about whether in their earnestness. Specialists have voiced the need to push mindfulness and understanding of the sickness, as patients frequently experience the ill effects of their indications in quiet for dread of humiliation. Indications of Crohns Disease incorporate stomach torment, ulcers, crevices, and looseness of the bowels, blood and bodily fluid in the stools. Sufferers likewise report feeling the need to go to the lavatory however having nothing to pass. A general feeling of being unwell having a misfortune of hunger, fever and tiredness is likewise regular (Krzystek, t al. 2010). Conclusion Mucosal mending is turning into the standard for evaluating remedial adequacy in Crohns ailment. Endoscopic assessment and cross-sectional radiographic imaging are the two generally utilized modalities as of now available to us for evaluating malady action. Endoscopic assessment will dependably have a vital part because of the open door to biopsy and perform remedial intercessions. Be that as it may, less obtrusive cross-sectional imaging gives lovely pictures of the gut and encompassing tissues that loan astonishing knowledge into illness pathology. The eventual fate of imaging is in tackling the tremendous capability of the methods to evaluate infection pathology as they reflect aggravation and fibrosis, and to utilize that data to foresee illness course and expect confusions. This will permit another time of better nurture provocative inside malady patients, wherein the utilization of intense biotic helps is guided by imaging notwithstanding patient side effects (Krzystek, t al. 2 010). References American Diabetes Association. (2008). Nutrition Recommendations and Interventions for Diabetes A position statement of the American Diabetes Association.Diabetes care,31(Supplement 1), S61-S78. Retrieved: http://www.wsjsw.gov.cn:8089/gate/big5/care.diabetesjournals.org/content/31/Supplement_1/S61.full.pdf DHaens, G., Baert, F., Van Assche, G., Caenepeel, P., Vergauwe, P., Tuynman, H., Hommes, D. (2008). Early combined immunosuppression or conventional management in patients with newly diagnosed Crohns disease: an open randomised trial.The Lancet,371(9613), 660-667. Retrieved: http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(08)60304-9/fulltext Brest, P., Lapaquette, P., Souidi, M., Lebrigand, K., Cesaro, A., Vouret-Craviari, V., Hofman, P. (2011). A synonymous variant in IRGM alters a binding site for miR-196 and causes deregulation of IRGM-dependent xenophagy in Crohns disease.Nature genetics,43(3), 242-245. Retrieved: http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/v43/n3/full/ng.762.html%3FWT.ec_id%3DNG-201103 Desmond, A. N., O’Regan, K., Curran, C., McWilliams, S., Fitzgerald, T., Maher, M. M., Shanahan, F. (2008).Crohn’s disease: factors associated with exposure to high levels of diagnostic radiation.Gut,57(11), 1524-1529. Retrieved: http://gut.bmj.com/content/57/11/1524.short Krzystek-Korpacka, M., Neubauer, K., Matusiewicz, M. (2010).Circulating midkine in Crohns disease: Clinical implications.Inflammatory bowel diseases,16(2), 208-215. Retrieved: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ibd.21011/full

President Lyndon B. Johnson (LBJ) Essay example -- Biography Biographi

President Lyndon B. Johnson (LBJ) "A Great Society" for the American people and their fellow men elsewhere was the vision of Lyndon B. Johnson. In his first years of office he obtained passage of one of the most extensive legislative programs in the Nation's history. Maintaining collective security, he carried on the rapidly growing struggle to restrain Communist encroachment in Vietnam. Johnson was born on August 27, 1908, in central Texas, not far from Johnson City, which his family had helped settle. He felt the pinch of rural poverty as he grew up, working his way through Southwest Texas State Teachers College; he learned compassion for the poverty of others when he taught students of Mexican descent. In 1937 he campaigned successfully for the House of Representatives on a New Deal platform, effectively aided by his wife, the former Claudia "Lady Bird" Taylor, whom he had married in 1934. During World War II he served briefly in the Navy as a lieutenant commander, winning a Silver Star in the South Pacific. After six terms in the House, Johnson was elected to the ...

Descriptive Essay on Dementia Family Member Essay

Imagine if you had a dreadful disease that took away your memory and you could no longer remember familiar people, places or events. This is what is happening to my Grandma. She has been diagnosed with vascular dementia and it has been detrimental to her life and her mind, and I hate to think about what it will do to her in the future. She is 80 years old and is still able to live alone, however her son lives across the road from her. Other than having dementia, she is a healthy person. She has always been a caring and loving person that has always taken care of others. Dementia has drastically changed her life. She has always been very caring and supportive toward all of her family. She babysat all 4 of her grandchildren when we were younger. She would always cook the best eggs and homemade biscuits for breakfast. We would look forward to her breakfast every day. She picked all of us up from school almost every day. Now she does not hardly drive anymore for fear she might get lost because she doesn’t remember how to get to all the places she used to could because of her disease. She would always cook her delicious fried chicken, rice and a scrumptious homemade chocolate cake for every family member’s birthdays. It breaks my heart to think that now she does not even remember our birthdays. Read Also:  Descriptive Essay Topics for High School Students Dementia is detrimental to her mind. Our family did not realize anything was wrong, until one day she went to her doctor, but could not find his office. She said she stopped at a couple offices, but could not find the right one. Luckily she made it back home. She sometimes calls me by my cousin’s name and cannot remember the names of people that she used to know well. She used to also keep books for my Granddad’s fertilizer business, but now she is no longer able to even balance her check book. She misplaces items, such as her wallet, car keys, and checkbook, daily. I am afraid to imagine how this disease will slowly destroy my grandma as it continues to progress. She is taking medication to slow down the progression of the disease, but there is no cure for dementia. Right now she is in the  mild stage of dementia. Our family can see a few symptoms of the moderate stages of dementia appearing and are dreading the day that we will start noticing the severe stages. When that time comes she will not be able to care for herself and will need someone there 24 hours a day. Dementia is hard on grandma, but it seems to be harder on our family. Dementia has gradually crept into her life over the past year. It has changed the way she has always lived and is gradually taking her memory. She does still make her delicious eggs and homemade biscuits every morning. The future doesn’t look good, but she takes it one day at the time. It is a shame how a disease can take the mind of an otherwise healthy person. 1. Your essay must be at least 5 paragraphs long, but may be more. 2. Each paragraph must have 5 well-developed sentences, but may have more. 3. Your essay must have an introduction with an easily identifiable, developed thesis with three valid points. 4. Your essay must have three, developed body paragraphs, each expressing one of the points from your thesis. 5. Each body paragraph must stick to one and only one point from the thesis. 6. Your essay must use standard grammar. 7. Your essay must be interesting, use real-life examples, and have good style and tone. 8. Your essay must be descriptive, show rather than tell, and engage the senses. 9. Your essay must be organized in a meaningful way. 10. Your essay must have a logical conclusion.

World War I - Middle East and Africa Campaigns

World War I - Middle East and Africa Campaigns As World War I descended across Europe in August 1914, it also saw fighting erupt across the colonial empires of the belligerents. These conflicts typically involved smaller forces and with one exception resulted in the defeat and capture of Germanys colonies. Also, as the fighting on the Western Front stagnated in to trench warfare, the Allies sought secondary theaters for striking at the Central Powers. Many of these targeted the weakened Ottoman Empire and saw the spread of fighting to Egypt and the Middle East. In the Balkans, Serbia, who had played a key role in starting of the conflict, was ultimately overwhelmed leading to a new front in Greece. War Comes to the Colonies Formed in early 1871, Germany was a later comer to the competition for empire. As a result, the new nation was forced to direct its colonial efforts towards the less preferred parts of Africa and the islands of the Pacific. While German merchants began operations in Togo, Kamerun (Cameroon), South-West Africa (Namibia), and East Africa (Tanzania), others were planting colonies in Papua, Samoa, as well as the Caroline, Marshall, Solomon, Mariana, and Bismarck Islands. In addition, the port of Tsingtao was taken from the Chinese in 1897. With the outbreak of war in Europe, Japan elected to declare war on Germany citing its obligations under the Anglo-Japanese Treaty of 1911. Moving quickly, Japanese troops seized the Marianas, Marshalls, and Carolines. Transferred to Japan after the war, these islands became a key part of its defensive ring during World War II. While the islands were being captured, a 50,000-man force was dispatched to Tsingtao. Here they conducted a classic siege with the aid of British forces and took the port on November 7, 1914. Far to the south, Australian and New Zealand forces captured Papua and Samoa. Battling for Africa While the German position in the Pacific was quickly swept away, their forces in Africa mounted a more vigorous defense. Though Togo was swiftly taken on August 27, British and French forces encountered difficulties in Kamerun. Though possessing greater numbers, the Allies were hampered by distance, topography, and climate. While initial efforts to capture the colony failed, a second campaign took the capital at Douala on September 27. Delayed by weather and enemy resistance, the final German outpost at Mora was not taken until February 1916. In South-West Africa, British efforts were slowed by the need to put down a Boer revolt before crossing the border from South Africa. Attacking in January 1915, South African forces advanced in four columns on the German capital at Windhoek. Taking the town on May 12, 1915, they compelled the colonys unconditional surrender two months later. The Last Holdout Only in German East Africa was the war to last the duration. Though the governors of East Africa and British Kenya wished to observe a pre-war understanding exempting Africa from hostilities, those within their borders clamored for war. Leading the German Schutztruppe (colonial defense force) was Colonel Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck. A veteran imperial campaigner, Lettow-Vorbeck embarked on a remarkable campaign which saw him repeatedly defeat larger Allied forces. Utilizing African soldiers known as askiris, his command lived off the land and conducted an ongoing guerilla campaign. Tying down increasingly large numbers of British troops, Lettow-Vorbeck suffered several reverses in 1917 and 1918, but was never captured. The remnants of his command finally surrendered after the armistice on November 23, 1918, and Lettow-Vorbeck returned to Germany a hero. The Sick Man at War On August 2, 1914, the Ottoman Empire, long known as the Sick Man of Europe for its declining power, concluded an alliance with Germany against Russia. Long courted by Germany, the Ottomans had worked to re-equip their army with German weapons and used the Kaisers military advisors. Utilizing the German battlecruiser Goeben and light cruiser Breslau, both of which had been transferred to Ottoman control after escaping British pursuers in the Mediterranean, Minister of War Enver Pasha ordered naval attacks against Russian ports on October 29. As a result, Russia declared war on November 1, followed by Britain and France four days later. With the beginning of hostilities, General Otto Liman von Sanders, Ever Pashas chief German advisor, expected the Ottomans to attack north into the Ukrainian plains. Instead, Ever Pasha elected to assault Russia through the mountains of the Caucasus. In this area the Russians advanced first gaining ground as the Ottoman commanders did not wish to attack in the severe winter weather. Angered, Ever Pasha took direct control and was badly defeated in the Battle of Sarikamis in December 1914/January 1915. To the south, the British, concerned about ensuring the Royal Navys access to Persian oil, landed the 6th Indian Division at Basra on November 7. Taking the city, it advanced to secure Qurna. The Gallipoli Campaign Contemplating the Ottoman entry into the war, First Lord of the Admiralty Winston Churchill developed a plan for attacking the Dardanelles. Using the ships of the Royal Navy, Churchill believed, partially due to faulty intelligence, that the straits could be forced, opening the way for a direct assault on Constantinople. Approved, the Royal Navy had three attacks on the straits turned back in February and early March 1915. A massive assault on March 18 also failed with the loss of three older battleships. Unable to penetrate the Dardanelles due to Turkish mines and artillery, the decision was made to land troops on the Gallipoli Peninsula to remove the threat (Map). Entrusted to General Sir Ian Hamilton, the operation called for landings at Helles and farther north at Gaba Tepe. While the troops at Helles were to push north, the Australia and New Zealand Army Corps was to push east and prevent the retreat of the Turkish defenders. Going ashore on April 25, Allied forces took heavy losses and failed to achieve their objectives. Battling on Gallipolis mountainous terrain, Turkish forces under Mustafa Kemal held the line and fighting stalemated into trench warfare. On August 6, a third landing at Sulva Bay was also contained by the Turks. After a failed offensive in August, fighting quieted as the British debated strategy (Map). Seeing no other recourse, the decision was made to evacuate Gallipoli and the last Allied troops departed on January 9, 1916. Mesopotamia Campaign In Mesopotamia, British forces successfully repelled an Ottoman attack at Shaiba on April 12, 1915. Having been reinforced, the British commander, General Sir John Nixon, ordered Major General Charles Townshend to advance up the Tigris River to Kut and, if possible, Baghdad. Reaching Ctesiphon, Townshend encountered an Ottoman force under Nureddin Pasha on November 22. After five days of inconclusive fighting, both sides withdrew. Retreating to Kut-al-Amara, Townshend was followed by Nureddin Pasha who laid siege to the British force on December 7. Several attempts were made to lift the siege in early 1916 with no success and Townshend surrendered on April 29 (Map). Unwilling to accept defeat, the British dispatched Lieutenant General Sir Fredrick Maude to retrieve the situation. Reorganizing and reinforcing his command, Maude began a methodical offensive up the Tigris on December 13, 1916. Repeatedly outmaneuvering the Ottomans, he retook Kut and pressed towards Baghdad. Defeating Ottoman forces along the Diyala River, Maude captured Baghdad on March 11, 1917. Maude then halted in the city to reorganize his supply lines and avoid the summer heat. Dying of cholera in November, he was replaced by General Sir William Marshall. With troops being diverted from his command to expand operations elsewhere, Marshall slowly pushed towards to the Ottoman base at Mosul. Advancing towards the city, it was finally occupied on November 14, 1918, two weeks after the Armistice of Mudros ended hostilities. Defense of the Suez Canal As Ottoman forces campaigned in the Caucasus and Mesopotamia, they also began moving to strike at the Suez Canal. Closed by the British to enemy traffic at the start of the war, the canal was a key line of strategic communication for the Allies. Though Egypt was still technically part of the Ottoman Empire, it had been under British administration since 1882 and was rapidly filling with British and Commonwealth troops. Moving through the desert wastes of the Sinai Peninsula, Turkish troops under General Ahmed Cemal and his German chief of staff Franz Kress von Kressenstein attacked the canal area on February 2, 1915. Alerted to their approach, British forces drove off the attackers after two days of fighting. Though a victory, the threat to the canal forced the British to leave a stronger garrison in Egypt than intended. Into the Sinai For over a year the Suez front remained quiet as fighting raged at Gallipoli and in Mesopotamia. In the summer of 1916, von Kressenstein made another attempt on the canal. Advancing across the Sinai, he met a well-prepared British defense led by General Sir Archibald Murray. In the resulting  Battle of Romani  on August 3-5, the British forced the Turks to retreat. Going over the offensive, the British pushed across Sinai, building a railroad and water pipeline as they went. Winning battles at  Magdhaba  and  Rafa, they were ultimately stopped by the Turks at the First Battle of Gaza in March 1917 (Map). When a second attempt to take the city failed in April, Murray was sacked in favor of General Sir Edmund Allenby. Palestine Reorganizing his command, Allenby commenced the  Third Battle of Gaza  on October 31. Flanking the Turkish line at Beersheba, he won decisive victory. On Allenbys flank were the Arab forces guided by  Major T.E. Lawrence  (Lawrence of Arabia) who had previously captured the port of Aqaba. Dispatched to Arabia in 1916, Lawrence successfully worked to foment unrest among the Arabs who then revolted against Ottoman rule. With the Ottomans in retreat, Allenby rapidly pushed north, taking Jerusalem on December 9 (Map). Thought the British wished to deliver a death blow to the Ottomans in early 1918, their plans were undone by the beginning of the German  Spring Offensives  on the Western Front. The bulk of Allenbys veteran troops were transferred west to aid in blunting the German assault. As a result, much of the spring and summer was consumed rebuilding his forces from newly recruited troops. Ordering the Arabs to harass the Ottoman rear, Allenby opened the  Battle of Megiddo  on September 19. Shattering an Ottoman army under von Sanders, Allenbys men rapidly advanced and captured Damascus on October 1. Though their southern forces had been destroyed, the government in Constantinople refused to surrender and continued the fight elsewhere. Fire in the Mountains In the wake of the victory at Sarikamis, command of Russian forces in the Caucasus was given to General Nikolai Yudenich. Pausing to reorganize his forces, he embarked on an offensive in May 1915. This was aided by an Armenian revolt at Van which had erupted the previous month. While one wing of the attack succeeded in relieving Van, the other was halted after advancing through the Tortum Valley towards Erzurum. Exploiting the success at Van and with Armenian guerillas striking the enemy rear, Russian troops secured Manzikert on May 11. Due to the Armenian activity, the Ottoman government passed the Tehcir Law calling for the forced relocation of Armenians from the area. Subsequent Russian efforts during the summer were fruitless and Yudenich took the fall to rest and reinforce. In January, Yudenich returned to the attack winning the Battle of Koprukoy and driving on Erzurum. Taking the city in March, Russian forces captured Trabzon the following month and began pushing south towards Bitlis. Pressing on, both Bitlis and Mush were taken. These gains were short-lived as Ottoman forces under Mustafa Kemal recaptured both later that summer. The lines stabilized through the fall as both sides recuperated from the campaigning. Though the Russian command wished to renew the assault in 1917, social and political unrest at home prevented this. With the outbreak of the Russian Revolution, Russian forces began withdrawing on the Caucasus front and eventually evaporated away. Peace was achieved through the  Treaty of Brest-Litovsk  in which Russia ceded territory to the Ottomans. The Fall of Serbia While fighting raged on the major fronts of the war in 1915, most of the year was relatively quiet in Serbia. Having successfully fended off an Austro-Hungarian invasion in late-1914, Serbia desperately worked to rebuild its battered army though it lacked the manpower to do so effectively. Serbias situation changed dramatically late in the year when following Allied defeats at Gallipoli and Gorlice-Tarnow, Bulgaria joined the Central Powers and mobilized for war on September 21. On October 7, German and Austro-Hungarian forces renewed the assault on Serbia with Bulgaria attacking four days later. Badly outnumbered and under pressure from two directions, the Serbian army was forced to retreat. Falling back to the southwest, the Serbian army conducted a long march to Albania but remained intact (Map). Having anticipated the invasion, the Serbs had begged for the Allies to send aid. Developments in Greece Due to variety of factors, this could only be routed through the neutral Greek port of Salonika. While proposals for opening a secondary front at Salonika had been discussed by the Allied high command earlier in the war, they had been dismissed as a waste of resources. This view changed on September 21 when Greek Prime Minister Eleutherios Venizelos advised the British and French that if they sent 150,000 men to Salonika, he could bring Greece into the war on the Allied side. Though quickly dismissed by the pro-German King Constantine, Venizelos plan led to the arrival of Allied troops at Salonika on October 5. Led by French General Maurice Sarrail, this force was able to provide little aid to the retreating Serbians The Macedonian Front As the Serbian army was evacuated to Corfu, Austrian forces occupied much of Italian-controlled Albania. Believing the war in the region lost, the British expressed a desire to withdraw their troops from Salonika. This met with protests from the French and the British unwillingly remained. Building a massive fortified camp around the port, the Allies were soon joined by the remnants of the Serbian army. In Albania, an Italian force was landed in the south and made gains in the country south of Lake Ostrovo. Expanding the front out from Salonika, the Allies held a small German-Bulgarian offensive in August and counterattacked on September 12. Achieving some gains, Kaymakchalan and Monastir were both taken (Map). As Bulgarian troops crossed the Greek border into Eastern Macedonia, Venizelos and officers from the Greek Army launched a coup against the king. This resulted in a royalist government in Athens and a Venizelist government at Salonika which controlled much of northern Greece. Offensives in Macedonia Idle through much of 1917, Sarrails  Armee d Orient  took control of all of Thessaly and occupied the Isthmus of Corinth. These actions led to the exile of the king on June 14 and united the country under Venizelos who mobilized the army to support the Allies. In May 18, General Adolphe Guillaumat, who had replaced Sarrail, attacked and captured Skra-di-Legen. Recalled to aid in stopping the German Spring Offensives, he was replaced with General Franchet dEsperey. Wishing to attack, dEsperey opened the Battle of Dobro Pole on September 14 (Map). Largely facing Bulgarian troops whose morale was low, the Allies made swift gains though the British took heavy losses at Doiran. By September 19, the Bulgarians were in full retreat. On September 30, the day after the fall of Skopje and under internal pressure, the Bulgarians were granted the Armistice of Solun which took them out of the war. While dEsperey pushed north and over the Danube, British forces turned east to attack an undefended Constantinople. With British troops approaching the city, the Ottomans signed the Armistice of Mudros on October 26. Poised to strike into the Hungarian heartland, dEsperey was approached by Count Krolyi, the head of the Hungarian government, about the terms for an armistice. Traveling to Belgrade, Krolyi signed an armistice on November 10.